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The forward algorithm, in the context of a hidden Markov model (HMM), is used to calculate a 'belief state': the probability of a state at a certain time, given the history of evidence. The process is also known as filtering.
The demurrage associated with e-gold is arguably expended by the currency operator to help cover real storage costs. Bernard Lietaer 's terra is a commodity basket currency proposal similar to Keynes's bancor or L'Europa (The idea to establish a L'Europa – monnaie de la paix from early concepts presented in an article in the French newspaper ...
Demurrage" / d ɪ ˈ m ʌ r ɪ dʒ / [1] in vessel chartering is the period when the charterer remained in possession of the vessel after the period normally allowed to load and unload cargo . [2] By extension, demurrage refers to the charges that the charterer pays to the ship owner for its delayed operations of loading/unloading. [ 3 ]
Demurrage in a currency system reduces discount rates, and thus increases the present value of a long-term investment, and thus gives an incentive for such investments. [ 1 ] Unlike inflation , demurrage gradually reduces only the value of currency held: it functions as a negative interest (a tax) on currency held versus inflation that also ...
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Seigniorage is the positive return, or carry, on issued notes and coins (money in circulation). Demurrage, the opposite, is the cost of holding currency.. An example of an exchange of gold for "paper" where no seigniorage occurs is when a person has one ounce of gold, trades it for a government-issued gold certificate (providing for redemption in one ounce of gold), keeps that certificate for ...
HMM Company Limited (Korean: 에이치엠엠 주식회사; RR: Eichi Em Em Jusik Hoesa), formerly known as Hyundai Merchant Marine, is a South Korean container transportation and shipping company. Overview
Myth No. 2: You can access 100% of your home’s equity with a home equity loan or a HELOC. Unfortunately, very few lenders will finance a loan for 100% of your home equity.