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Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) is a nerve entrapment condition that causes chronic pain of the abdominal wall. [1] It occurs when nerve endings of the lower thoracic intercostal nerves (7–12) are 'entrapped' in abdominal muscles, causing a severe localized nerve (neuropathic) pain that is usually experienced at the front of the abdomen.
Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome occurs almost exclusively in women, though it can be seen in males rarely. [5] It is complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydia) or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) though other bacteria such as Bacteroides, Gardnerella, E. coli and Streptococcus have also been found to cause Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome on occasion. [6]
Asherman's syndrome (AS) is an acquired uterine condition that occurs when scar tissue forms inside the uterus and/or the cervix. [1] It is characterized by variable scarring inside the uterine cavity, where in many cases the front and back walls of the uterus stick to one another.
Infections (such as pelvic inflammatory disease), internal scars from abdominal surgery, non-cancerous growths, and internal scars from radiation therapy can also cause frozen pelvis. [1] Genital tuberculosis is a relatively common cause of infertility in some countries, such as India, and can cause frozen pelvis.
Complications of endometriosis include internal scarring, adhesions, pelvic cysts, ovarian chocolate cysts, ruptured cysts, and bowel and ureter obstruction resulting from pelvic adhesions. [39] Endometriosis-associated infertility may result from scar formation and anatomical distortions caused by the condition. [3]
A study showed that more than 90% of people develop adhesions following open abdominal surgery and that 55–100% of women develop adhesions following pelvic surgery. [13] Adhesions from prior abdominal or pelvic surgery may obscure visibility and access at subsequent abdominal or pelvic surgery.
Bowel obstructions are commonly secondary to adhesions, hernias, or cancer. Bowel obstruction can be an emergency requiring immediate surgery. Original testing and imaging include blood tests for electrolyte levels, and abdominal X-rays or CT scans. Treatment often begins with IV fluids to correct electrolyte imbalances.
These scars are hypercellular with fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and some immune cells present. [3] The immature scars can be distinguished from desmoplasia by immunohistochemical staining of biopsied tumors that will reveal the type and organization of cells present as well as whether recent trauma has occurred to the tissue.