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  2. Cohen's kappa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen's_kappa

    Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.

  3. Fleiss' kappa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleiss'_kappa

    Statistical packages can calculate a standard score (Z-score) for Cohen's kappa or Fleiss's Kappa, which can be converted into a P-value. However, even when the P value reaches the threshold of statistical significance (typically less than 0.05), it only indicates that the agreement between raters is significantly better than would be expected ...

  4. Inter-rater reliability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability

    The ICC will be high when there is little variation between the scores given to each item by the raters, e.g. if all raters give the same or similar scores to each of the items. The ICC is an improvement over Pearson's r {\displaystyle r} and Spearman's ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , as it takes into account the differences in ratings for ...

  5. Scott's Pi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott's_Pi

    Scott's pi (named after William A Scott) is a statistic for measuring inter-rater reliability for nominal data in communication studies.Textual entities are annotated with categories by different annotators, and various measures are used to assess the extent of agreement between the annotators, one of which is Scott's pi.

  6. Youden's J statistic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youden's_J_statistic

    When the true prevalences for the two positive variables are equal as assumed in Fleiss kappa and F-score, that is the number of positive predictions matches the number of positive classes in the dichotomous (two class) case, the different kappa and correlation measure collapse to identity with Youden's J, and recall, precision and F-score are ...

  7. IRS has improved taxpayer services but is slow to resolve ID ...

    www.aol.com/irs-improved-taxpayer-services-slow...

    The IRS boosted taxpayer services through Democrats’ Inflation Reduction Act but still faces processing claims from a coronavirus pandemic-era tax credit program and is slow to resolve certain ...

  8. Mortgage and refinance rates for Jan. 9, 2025: Average rates ...

    www.aol.com/finance/mortgage-and-refinance-rates...

    Knowing your credit score can help you shop around for lenders you're likely to get approval through, as well as understand the type of mortgage for your lifestyle and income. The best mortgage ...

  9. Krippendorff's alpha - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krippendorff's_alpha

    Krippendorff's alpha coefficient, [1] named after academic Klaus Krippendorff, is a statistical measure of the agreement achieved when coding a set of units of analysis.. Since the 1970s, alpha has been used in content analysis where textual units are categorized by trained readers, in counseling and survey research where experts code open-ended interview data into analyzable terms, in ...