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In mathematics, a character sum is a sum () of values of a Dirichlet character χ modulo N, taken over a given range of values of n.Such sums are basic in a number of questions, for example in the distribution of quadratic residues, and in particular in the classical question of finding an upper bound for the least quadratic non-residue modulo N.
In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total.Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
A Dirichlet character is a completely multiplicative function : satisfying the following three properties: a) takes only finitely many values; b) vanishes at only finitely many primes; c) there is an for which the remainder
The final character of a ten-digit International Standard Book Number is a check digit computed so that multiplying each digit by its position in the number (counting from the right) and taking the sum of these products modulo 11 is 0. The digit the farthest to the right (which is multiplied by 1) is the check digit, chosen to make the sum correct.
The remaining sum is bounded by = | | | + | = | + | = | | by the monotonicity of , and also goes to zero as . Using the same proof as above, one can show that if the partial sums B N {\displaystyle B_{N}} form a bounded sequence independently of N {\displaystyle N} ;
This calculator program has accepted input in infix notation, and returned the answer , ¯. Here the comma is a decimal separator. Here the comma is a decimal separator. Infix notation is a method similar to immediate execution with AESH and/or AESP, but unary operations are input into the calculator in the same order as they are written on paper.
In mathematics, a Jacobi sum is a type of character sum formed with Dirichlet characters. Simple examples would be Jacobi sums J(χ, ψ) for Dirichlet characters χ, ψ modulo a prime number p, defined by (,) = (),
In mathematics, a character group is the group of representations of an abelian group by complex-valued functions.These functions can be thought of as one-dimensional matrix representations and so are special cases of the group characters that arise in the related context of character theory.