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A 1902 German treatise on the dyeing textiles notes "...logwood in the black dyeing of cotton has suffered considerably from the competition of aniline black". [36] Haematoxylin remained important as a black dye (using copperas or chrome as a mordant) for wool until the 1920s when a black synthetic dye compatible with wool became available. [9]
Producing fast black in the Middle Ages was a complicated process involving multiple dyeings with woad or indigo followed by mordanting, but at the dawn of Early Modern period, a new and superior method of dyeing black dye reached Europe via Spanish conquests in the New World.
Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide. The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye by volume, does not have a well defined chemical structure.
Naphthol blue black Acid black 1 20470 diazo 1064-48-8: Aniline black: Pigment black 1 Oxidation base 1 50440 azine 13007-86-8: Aniline Yellow: Sudan yellow R Induline R Solvent yellow 1 11000 azo 60-09-3: Anthracene blue SWR Alizarin blue 2RC Mordant blue 32 58605 anthraquinone 6372-24-6: Anthrapurpurin: 1,2,7-Trihydroxyanthraquinone 58255 ...
Sulfur dyes are the most commonly used dyes manufactured for cotton in terms of volume. They are inexpensive, generally have good wash-fastness, and are easy to apply. Sulfur dyes are predominantly black, brown, and dark blue. [1] Red sulfur dyes are unknown, although a pink or lighter scarlet color is available.
Substantive dyes work best on textiles with high contents of cellulose, such as cotton. In contrast to direct dyes, wool and leather goods are dyed by the process of ion exchange, exploiting the cationic nature of proteins near neutral pH. The development of substantive dyes helped make mordant dyes obsolete. [2]
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