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In credibility theory, a branch of study in actuarial science, the Bühlmann model is a random effects model (or "variance components model" or hierarchical linear model) used to determine the appropriate premium for a group of insurance contracts. The model is named after Hans Bühlmann who first published a description in 1967.
Credibility theory is a branch of actuarial mathematics concerned with determining risk premiums. [1] To achieve this, it uses mathematical models in an effort to forecast the ( expected ) number of insurance claims based on past observations.
Retrospectively rated insurance is a type of insurance that uses retrospective rating: a method of establishing a premium on large commercial accounts. The final premium is based on the insured's actual loss experience during the policy term, sometimes subject to a minimum and maximum premium, with the final premium determined by a formula.
A corporate identity or corporate image is the manner in which a corporation, firm or business enterprise presents itself to the public.The corporate identity is typically visualized by branding and with the use of trademarks, [1] but it can also include things like product design, advertising, public relations etc. Corporate identity is a primary goal of corporate communication, aiming to ...
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To maintain credibility, the B Corporation certification standard operates under principles that are independent, comprehensive, comparable, dynamic, and transparent. [20] B Lab has an established standards advisory council that can independently make decisions with or without the support of B Lab. [ 19 ] As of May 2014, 28 of 30 members were ...
When you buy a bottle of vitamins from a nutrition store, you’ll probably notice a best-by date on the bottom of the jar. But that inscribed number isn’t a hard-and-fast rule—there is some ...
business insurance for small and medium-sized businesses, such as liability and property insurance, commercial auto and workers compensation insurance for apartment and commercial property owners, artisan contractors, condominium homeowner associations, retail stores, service providers, offices, religious organizations, educational and non ...