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Interest payments on UK national debt as percentage of GDP, 1900-2011. Distinct from both the national debt and the PSNCR is the interest that the government must pay to service the existing national debt. In 2012, the annual cost of servicing the public debt amounted to around £43bn, or roughly 3% of GDP. [11]
At the beginning of the 20th century the national debt stood at around 30 percent of GDP. [5] However, during World War I the British government was forced to borrow heavily in order to finance the war effort. The national debt increased from £650 million in 1914 to £7.40 billion in 1919. [7] [failed verification]
The national debt of the United Kingdom was at a record high percentage of the GDP as the Napoleonic wars ended, but was largely repaid by 1914. The British budget in 1814 reached £66 million, including £10 million for the Navy, £40 million for the Army, £10 million for the Allies, and £38 million as interest on the national debt.
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Debt interest has grown as a proportion of government spending in the last few years as a result of rising interest rates, and increased debt due to primarily to the cost of the Covid pandemic. [10] In financial year 2018-19, debt interest was £43 billion - around 5% of total government spending [11] compared to around 10% in 2023-24.
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[1]: 81 A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor in the future. Examples include debt securities (such as bonds and bills), loans, and government employee pension obligations. [1]: 207 Net debt equals gross debt minus financial assets that are debt instruments.
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