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Examples include the class of all groups, the class of all vector spaces, and many others. In category theory, a category whose collection of objects forms a proper class (or whose collection of morphisms forms a proper class) is called a large category. The surreal numbers are a proper class of objects that have the properties of a field.
Set theory, however, was founded by a single paper in 1874 by Georg Cantor: "On a Property of the Collection of All Real Algebraic Numbers". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Since the 5th century BC, beginning with Greek mathematician Zeno of Elea in the West and early Indian mathematicians in the East, mathematicians had struggled with the concept of infinity .
The proof of the Brunn–Minkowski inequality predates modern measure theory; the development of measure theory and Lebesgue integration allowed connections to be made between geometry and analysis, to the extent that in an integral form of the Brunn–Minkowski inequality known as the Prékopa–Leindler inequality the geometry seems almost ...
A function is convex if and only if its epigraph, the region (in green) above its graph (in blue), is a convex set.. Let S be a vector space or an affine space over the real numbers, or, more generally, over some ordered field (this includes Euclidean spaces, which are affine spaces).
The apparent plural form in English goes back to the Latin neuter plural mathematica , based on the Greek plural ta mathēmatiká (τὰ μαθηματικά) and means roughly "all things mathematical", although it is plausible that English borrowed only the adjective mathematic(al) and formed the noun mathematics anew, after the pattern of ...
In 2001, the proof of the local Langlands conjectures for GL n was based on the geometry of certain Shimura varieties. [27] In the 2010s, Peter Scholze developed perfectoid spaces and new cohomology theories in arithmetic geometry over p-adic fields with application to Galois representations and certain cases of the weight-monodromy conjecture ...
In mathematics, a topos (US: / ˈ t ɒ p ɒ s /, UK: / ˈ t oʊ p oʊ s, ˈ t oʊ p ɒ s /; plural topoi / ˈ t ɒ p ɔɪ / or / ˈ t oʊ p ɔɪ /, or toposes) is a category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally: on a site).
Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. Until the 19th century, geometry was almost exclusively devoted to Euclidean geometry, [a] which includes the notions of point, line, plane, distance, angle, surface, and curve, as fundamental ...