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A ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (e.g. N-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) linked on the sugar chain. NeuNAc, an acetylated derivative of the carbohydrate sialic acid, makes the head groups of gangliosides anionic at pH 7, which distinguishes them from globosides .
Cerebroside synthesis can therefore give a measurement of myelin formation or remyelination. [1] The sugar moiety is linked glycosidically to the C-1 hydroxyl group of ceramide, such as in lactosylceramide. Cerebrosides containing a sulfuric ester group, known as sulfatides, also occur in the myelin sheath of nerves. These compounds are ...
In general, glycosphingolipids can be categorized into two groups: neutral glycosphingolipids (also called glycosphingolipids) and negatively charged glycosphingolipids.
The secreted toxin attaches to the surface of the host mucosa cell by binding to GM1 gangliosides. GM1 consists of a sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide covalently attached to a ceramide lipid. The A1 subunit of this toxin will gain entry to intestinal epithelial cells with the assistance of the B subunit via the GM1 ganglioside receptor.
In glycolipids, the sugar component is attached to this group. The simplest glycolipid is cerebroside, in which there is only one sugar residue, either Glc or Gal. More complex glycolipids, such as gangliosides, contain a branched chain of as many as seven sugar residues.
GM3 (monosialodihexosylganglioside) is a type of ganglioside. The letter G refers to ganglioside, and M is for monosialic acid as it has only one sialic acid group. The numbering is based on its relative mobility in electrophoresis among other monosialic gangliosides. [1] Its structure can be condensed to NANA-Gal-Glc-ceramide.
Globoside 4 (Gb4) has been known as the receptor for parvovirus B19, due to observations that B19V binds to the thin-layered chromatogram of the structure.However, the binding on its surface does not match well with the virus, which raised debates on whether or not GB4 is the cause for productive infection. [4]
A galactosylceramide, or galactocerebroside is a type of cerebroside consisting of a ceramide with a galactose residue at the 1-hydroxyl moiety. The galactose is cleaved by galactosylceramidase. Galactosylceramide is a marker for oligodendrocytes in the brain, whether or not they form myelin. [1] [2]