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The differential geometry of surfaces is concerned with a mathematical understanding of such phenomena. The study of this field, which was initiated in its modern form in the 1700s, has led to the development of higher-dimensional and abstract geometry, such as Riemannian geometry and general relativity. [original research?]
See also multivariable calculus, list of multivariable calculus topics. Manifold. Differentiable manifold; Smooth manifold; Banach manifold; Fréchet manifold; Tensor analysis. Tangent vector
Differential geometry finds applications throughout mathematics and the natural sciences. Most prominently the language of differential geometry was used by Albert Einstein in his theory of general relativity, and subsequently by physicists in the development of quantum field theory and the standard model of particle physics.
The classical Stokes' theorem relates the surface integral of the curl of a vector field over a surface in Euclidean three-space to the line integral of the vector field over its boundary. It is a special case of the general Stokes theorem (with n = 2 {\displaystyle n=2} ) once we identify a vector field with a 1-form using the metric on ...
In the study of mathematics, and especially of differential geometry, fundamental vector fields are instruments that describe the infinitesimal behaviour of a smooth Lie group action on a smooth manifold. Such vector fields find important applications in the study of Lie theory, symplectic geometry, and the study of Hamiltonian group actions.
More generally, any covariant tensor field – in particular any differential form – on may be pulled back to using . When the map ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is a diffeomorphism , then the pullback, together with the pushforward , can be used to transform any tensor field from N {\displaystyle N} to M {\displaystyle M} or vice versa.
In the language of differential geometry, this derivative is a one-form on the punctured plane. It is closed (its exterior derivative is zero) but not exact , meaning that it is not the derivative of a 0-form (that is, a function): the angle θ {\\displaystyle \\theta } is not a globally defined smooth function on the entire punctured plane.
In differential calculus, the domain-straightening theorem states that, given a vector field on a manifold, there exist local coordinates , …, such that = / in a neighborhood of a point where is nonzero.
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