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Leydig cells release a class of hormones called androgens (19-carbon steroids). [8] They secrete testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), when stimulated by the luteinizing hormone (LH), which is released from the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin releasing hormone which in turn is released by the hypothalamus.
Androstenedione is a precursor of testosterone and other androgens, as well as of estrogens like estrone, in the body. In addition to functioning as an endogenous prohormone, androstenedione also has weak androgenic activity in its own right. Androstenedione has been found to possess some estrogenic activity, similarly to other DHEA metabolites ...
Plasma levels of DHEA in adult men are 10 to 25 nM, in premenopausal women are 5 to 30 nM, and in postmenopausal women are 2 to 20 nM. [25] Conversely, DHEA-S levels are an order of magnitude higher at 1–10 μM. [25] Levels of DHEA and DHEA-S decline to the lower nanomolar and micromolar ranges in men and women aged 60 to 80 years. [25]
The somata of early-born Kenyon cells are pushed outward as more Kenyon cells are created. This results in a concentric pattern of cell bodies, with the somata of the last-born cells in the center, where the neuroblast had been, and the somata of the first-born cells at the outermost margins of the cell body area. [1]
The male reproductive system contains two main divisions: the testicles where sperm are produced, and the penis where semen is ejaculated through the urethra. In humans, both of these organs are outside the abdominal cavity. Having the testicles outside the abdomen facilitates temperature regulation of the sperm, which require specific ...
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Androstenediol is a direct metabolite of the most abundant steroid produced by the human adrenal cortex, DHEA.It is less androgenic than the related compound, Δ 4-androstenediol, and has been found to stimulate the immune system.
Newly produced smegma has a smooth, moist texture. It is thought to be rich in squalene [11] and contain prostatic and seminal secretions, desquamated epithelial cells, and the mucin content of the urethral glands of Littré. [9] Smegma contains cathepsin B, lysozymes, [12] chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase and cytokines, which aid the immune ...