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Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming lichen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Living as a symbiont in a lichen appears to be a successful way for a fungus to derive essential nutrients, as about 20% of all fungal species have ...
Plant and fungal partners within a network may enact a variety of symbiotic relationships. Earliest attention was given to mutualistic networks by which the plant and fungal partners both benefit. [15] Commensal and parasitic relationships are also found in mycorrhizal networks. A single partnership may change between any of the three types at ...
The evolutionary history of cyanolichens represents multiple independent origins of symbiotic relationships between fungi and cyanobacteria, with evidence spanning hundreds of millions of years. This complex history has resulted in considerable diversity in both fungal and cyanobacterial partners. [ 21 ]
Almost half of all members of the phylum Ascomycota form symbiotic associations with algae to form lichens. Others, such as morels (a highly prized edible fungi), form important mycorrhizal relationships with plants, thereby providing enhanced water and nutrient uptake and, in some cases, protection from insects.
Fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis encompasses the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and intracellular bacteria species residing within the fungus. Many examples of endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and plants, algae and insects exist and have been well characterized, however fungal-bacteria endosymbiosis has been less well described.
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. The photosynthetic partner in the relationship is referred to in lichen terminology as a "photobiont". The fungal part of the relationship is composed mostly of various species of ascomycetes and a few basidiomycetes. [191]
Fungi from Verrucariales also form marine lichens with the brown algae Petroderma maculiforme, [88] and have a symbiotic relationship with seaweed (such as rockweed) and Blidingia minima, where the algae are the dominant components. The fungi is thought to help the rockweeds to resist desiccation when exposed to air. [89] [90] In addition ...
Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga (or a cyanobacterium) with a filamentous fungus. Lichens are chiefly characterized by this symbiosis. Study of lichens draws knowledge from several disciplines: mycology, phycology, microbiology ...