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The causes of and treatments for hyponatremia can only be understood by having a grasp of the size of the body fluid compartments and subcompartments and their regulation; how under normal circumstances the body is able to maintain the sodium concentration within a narrow range (homeostasis of body fluid osmolality); conditions can cause that ...
Symptoms of hypernatremia may vary depending on type and how quickly the electrolyte disturbance developed. [27] Common symptoms are dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, increased thirst, and excess urination. Patients may be on medications that caused the imbalance such as diuretics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [27]
Severe 21-hydroxylase deficiency causes salt-wasting CAH: The most common cause of ambiguous genitalia due to prenatal virilization of genetically female (XX) infants. Life-threatening vomiting and dehydration occurring within the first few weeks of life. Aldosterone and cortisol levels are both reduced.
Early symptoms of hypovolemia include headache, fatigue, weakness, thirst, and dizziness. The more severe signs and symptoms are often associated with hypovolemic shock. These include oliguria , cyanosis , abdominal and chest pain, hypotension , tachycardia , cold hands and feet, and progressively altering mental status.
CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in genotypically normal female infants (46XX). Less severely affected females may present with early pubarche . Young women may present with symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome ( oligomenorrhea , polycystic ovaries, hirsutism ).
Many also involve excessive or defective production of mineralocorticoids, which can cause hypertension or salt wasting, respectively. The most common type of CAH is due to deficiency of 21-hydroxylase . 11β-Hydroxylase deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia is one of the less common types of CAH due to deficiencies of other proteins and ...
The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside the body and around the pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vagina, which leads from the vulva , the vaginal opening, to the uterus; the uterus , which ...
Hypoprolactinemia can result from autoimmune disease, [2] hypopituitarism, [1] growth hormone deficiency, [2] hypothyroidism, [2] excessive dopamine action in the tuberoinfundibular pathway and/or the anterior pituitary, and ingestion of drugs that activate the D 2 receptor, such as direct D 2 receptor agonists like bromocriptine and pergolide, and indirect D 2 receptor activators like ...