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Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, [ 1 ] is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy (humanistic or rationalistic), religion, theory of government, or way of life. [ 2 ]
Shangdi (Chinese: 上帝; pinyin: Shàngdì; Wade–Giles: Shang Ti), also called simply Di (Chinese: 帝; pinyin: Dì), [1] is the name of the Chinese Highest Deity or "Lord Above" in the theology of the classical texts, especially deriving from Shang theology and finding an equivalent in the later Tiān ("Heaven" or "Great Whole") of Zhou theology.
Confucius (孔子; pinyin: Kǒngzǐ; lit.'Master Kong'; c.551 – c. 479 BCE), born Kong Qiu (孔丘), was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages, as well as the first teacher in China to advocate for mass education. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the ...
Gods are innumerable, as every phenomenon has or is one or more gods, and they are organised in a complex celestial hierarchy. [6] Besides the traditional worship of these entities, Chinese folk religion , Chinese Buddhism , Confucianism , Taoism , and formal thinkers in general give theological interpretations affirming a monistic essence of ...
The state religion of the Shang dynasty (c.1600 – c. 1046 BC) involved trained practitioners communicating with deified beings, including deceased ancestors and supernatural gods. Methods of communication with the spirits consist of inscribed divinations on oracle bones and sacrifice of living beings. The Shang dynasty also had large-scale ...
Tian (天) is one of the oldest Chinese terms for heaven and a key concept in Chinese mythology, philosophy, and religion. During the Shang dynasty (17th―11th century BCE), the Chinese referred to their highest god as Shangdi or Di (帝, 'Lord'). [1] During the following Zhou dynasty, Tian became synonymous with this figure.
The Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition (Chinese: 儒宗神教 Rúzōng Shénjiào), also called the Luandao (鸾道 "Phoenix Way" or 鸾门 Luánmén, "Phoenix Gate") [1] or Luanism (鸾教 Luánjiào) [2] or—from the name of its cell congregations—the phoenix halls or phoenix churches (鸾堂 luántáng), is a Confucian congregational religious movement of the Chinese ...
In Confucianism, the Sangang Wuchang (Chinese: 三綱五常; pinyin: Sāngāng Wǔcháng), sometimes translated as the Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues or the Three Guiding Principles and Five Constant Regulations, [1] or more simply "bonds and virtues" (gāngcháng 綱常), are the three most important human relationships and the five most important virtues.