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2. Vowel length - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length

   In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration.In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, for example in Arabic, Czech, Dravidian languages (such as Tamil), some Finno-Ugric languages (such as Finnish and Estonian), Japanese, Kyrgyz, Samoan ...

3. Indo-European ablaut - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut

   When it had no vowel, it is said to be in the "zero grade". Syllables with long vowels are said to be in "lengthened grade". (When the e-grade or the o-grade is referred to, the short vowel forms are meant.) A classic example of the five grades of ablaut in a single root is provided by the different case forms of two closely related Greek words.

4. Scale of vowels - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_of_vowels

   A scale of vowels is an arrangement of vowels in order of perceived "pitch". A scale used for poetry in American English lists the vowels by the frequency of the second formant (the higher of the two overtones that define a vowel sound).

5. Vowel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel

   There are two complementary definitions of vowel, one phonetic and the other phonological.. In the phonetic definition, a vowel is a sound, such as the English "ah" / ɑː / or "oh" / oʊ /, produced with an open vocal tract; it is median (the air escapes along the middle of the tongue), oral (at least some of the airflow must escape through the mouth), frictionless and continuant. [4]

6. Checked and free vowels - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checked_and_free_vowels

   As free written vowels a, e, i, o, u correspond to the spoken vowels / eɪ /, / iː /, / aɪ /, / oʊ /, / uː /; as checked vowels a, e, i, o, u correspond to / æ /, / ɛ /, / ɪ /, / ɒ /, / ʊ /. In spelling free and checked vowels are often called long and short, based on their historical pronunciation, though nowadays some or all of the ...

7. Phonics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonics

   Reading by using phonics is often referred to as decoding words, sounding-out words or using print-to-sound relationships.Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words (i.e. sublexical), [13] it is often contrasted with whole language (a word-level-up philosophy for teaching reading) and a compromise approach called balanced literacy (the attempt to combine whole language and ...