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Birds' scales are found mainly on the toes and metatarsus, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. The scales and scutes of birds were thought to be homologous to those of reptiles, [4] but are now agreed to have evolved independently, being degenerate feathers. [5] [6]
The scales of birds are composed of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes and metatarsus, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases of kingfishers and woodpeckers.
The propatagium of Confuciusornis was large, likely relatively thick, and extended from the shoulder to the wrist, as in modern birds; the extent of the postpatagium is also similar to modern birds. Reticulate scales covered the underside of the foot, and the phalanges and metatarsals supported large, fleshy pads, although the interphalangeal ...
Species found in North America are referred to as chickadees; species found elsewhere in the world are called tits. [1] [2] They are small-sized birds overall, usually having the crown of the head and throat patch distinctly darker than the body. They are at least 6 to 14 centimeters (2.4 to 5.5 inches) in size.
Alternatively, the area can be obtained digitally using a photograph of the spread wing that includes a scale and then using image analysis software such as ImageJ. [9] In bird flight aerodynamics , the area of interest is the total wing area, that is, the area of both wings plus the area of the intervening portion of the body known as the ...
Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct Glyptodon , and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as ...
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These are analogous to the lore on birds which corresponds to the region between the eye and the beak. In snakes and reptiles, a loreal scale also refers to the scales which lie between the eye and the nostril. [3] In crotaline snakes (pit vipers), loreal pits are present on either side of the head. [4]