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CTCF. Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene. [5][6] CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, insulator activity, V (D)J recombination [7] and regulation of chromatin architecture.
The protein CTCF is involved in repressing expression of the gene, by binding to the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) along with Differentially-methylated Region-1 (DMR1) and Matrix Attachment Region −3 (MAR3). These three DNA sequences bind to CTCF in a way that limits downstream enhancer access to the IGF2 region. The mechanism in which ...
Insulator (genetics) An insulator is a type of cis-regulatory element known as a long-range regulatory element. Found in multicellular eukaryotes and working over distances from the promoter element of the target gene, an insulator is typically 300 bp to 2000 bp in length. [1] Insulators contain clustered binding sites for sequence specific DNA ...
Function. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), an 11- zinc finger factor involved in gene regulation, utilizes different zinc fingers to bind varying DNA target sites. CTCF forms methylation-sensitive insulators that regulate X-chromosome inactivation. Transcriptional repressor CTCFL (this protein) is a paralog of CTCF and appears to be expressed ...
Cohesin is a protein complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination, and DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, SCC1 and SCC3 (SA1 or SA2 in humans). Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication until anaphase when removal of cohesin leads to separation of sister chromatids.
CTGF, also known as CCN2 or connective tissue growth factor, [5][6] is a matricellular protein of the CCN family of extracellular matrix -associated heparin -binding proteins (see also CCN intercellular signaling protein). [7][8][9] CTGF has important roles in many biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation ...
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. [1] The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures. This prevents the strands from becoming tangled and also plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division , preventing DNA damage , and regulating gene expression ...
The average size of a topologically associating domain (TAD) is 1000 kb in humans, 880 kb in mouse cells, and 140 kb in fruit flies. [2] [3] Boundaries at both side of these domains are conserved between different mammalian cell types and even across species [2] and are highly enriched with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin. [1]