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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes and fittings.

3. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Ion exchange. Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of one species of ion present in an insoluble solid with another of like charge present in a solution surrounding the solid. Ion exchange is used in softening or demineralizing of water, purification of chemicals, and separation of substances. Ion exchange usually describes a process of ...

4. Ion-exchange resin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin

   An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange. It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate. The beads are typically porous (with a specific ...

5. Lime softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening

   Lime softening. Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark 's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation. The process is also effective at removing a ...

6. Electrodialysis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodialysis

   High grade water recycling. Wave-powered desalination. Electrodialysis (ED) is used to transport salt ions from one solution through ion-exchange membranes to another solution under the influence of an applied electric potential difference. This is done in a configuration called an electrodialysis cell. The cell consists of a feed (dilute ...

7. Capacitive deionization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_deionization

   Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two electrodes, which are often made of porous carbon. [2] In other words, CDI is an electro-sorption method using a combination of a sorption media and an electrical field to separate ions and charged particles. [3]