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The first historical achievement in anesthesia occurred around 4000 BC in ancient Mesopotamia. [5] [10] [32] [33] [34] This was the advent of ethanol (commonly known as drinking alcohol), the first general anaesthetic agent.
One commonly used premedication is clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] It reduces postoperative shivering, postoperative nausea and vomiting , and emergence delirium . [ 6 ] However, a randomized controlled trial from 2021 demonstrated that clonidine is less effective at providing anxiolysis and more sedative in children of ...
General anaesthetics (or anesthetics) are often defined as compounds that induce a loss of consciousness in humans or loss of righting reflex in animals. Clinical definitions are also extended to include an induced coma that causes lack of awareness to painful stimuli, sufficient to facilitate surgical applications in clinical and veterinary practice.
The purpose of anesthesia can be distilled down to three basic goals or endpoints: [2]: 236 hypnosis (a temporary loss of consciousness and with it a loss of memory.In a pharmacological context, the word hypnosis usually has this technical meaning, in contrast to its more familiar lay or psychological meaning of an altered state of consciousness not necessarily caused by drugs—see hypnosis).
1921 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin – important for the treatment of diabetes; 1921 – Fidel Pagés pioneers epidural anesthesia; 1923 – First vaccine for diphtheria; 1924 – Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography [103] 1926 – First vaccine for pertussis; 1927 – First vaccine for tuberculosis
Structures of general anaesthetics widely used in medicine. [1] 1 - ethanol, 2 - chloroform, 3 - diethyl ether, 4 - fluroxene, 5 - halothane, 6 - methoxyflurane, 7 - enflurane, 8 - isoflurane, 9 - desflurane, 10 - sevoflurane. A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic) is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. [2]
Today, the term "diabetes" most commonly refers to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is itself an umbrella term for a number of different diseases involving problems processing sugars that have been consumed (glucose metabolism). Historically, this is the "diabetes" which has been associated with sugary urine .
Leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum novogranatense var. Novogranatense), from which cocaine, a naturally occurring local anesthetic, is derived [1] [2]. An anesthetic (American English) or anaesthetic (British English; see spelling differences) is a drug used to induce anesthesia — in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness.