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Several important special-case formulae for redshift in certain special spacetime geometries, as summarized in the following table. In all cases the magnitude of the shift (the value of z ) is independent of the wavelength.
Redshift quantization, also referred to as redshift periodicity, [1] redshift discretization, [2] preferred redshifts [3] and redshift-magnitude bands, [4] [5] is the hypothesis that the redshifts of cosmologically distant objects (in particular galaxies and quasars) tend to cluster around multiples of some particular value.
Gravitational redshift can be interpreted as a consequence of the equivalence principle (that gravitational effects are locally equivalent to inertial effects and the redshift is caused by the Doppler effect) [5] or as a consequence of the mass–energy equivalence and conservation of energy ('falling' photons gain energy), [6] [7] though there ...
Experimental verification of gravitational redshift using terrestrial sources took several decades, because it is difficult to find clocks (to measure time dilation) or sources of electromagnetic radiation (to measure redshift) with a frequency that is known well enough that the effect can be accurately measured.
The parameter usually quoted here is τ, the "optical depth to reionization," or alternatively, z re, the redshift of reionization, assuming it was an instantaneous event. While this is unlikely to be physical, since reionization was very likely not instantaneous, z re provides an estimate of the mean redshift of reionization.
The redshift z is often described as a redshift velocity, which is the recessional velocity that would produce the same redshift if it were caused by a linear Doppler effect (which, however, is not the case, as the velocities involved are too large to use a non-relativistic formula for Doppler shift).
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Amazon Redshift is a data warehouse product which forms part of the larger cloud-computing platform Amazon Web Services. [1] It is built on top of technology from the massive parallel processing (MPP) data warehouse company ParAccel (later acquired by Actian ), [ 2 ] to handle large scale data sets and database migrations .