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International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) – 64-bit block;James Massey & X Lai of ETH Zurich; Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC) KASUMI – 64-bit block; based on MISTY1, adopted for next generation W-CDMA cellular phone security; KHAZAD – 64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen; Khufu and Khafre – 64-bit block ciphers
Modern Cryptography Theory and Practice ISBN 0-13-066943-1. An up-to-date book on cryptography. Touches on provable security, and written with students and practitioners in mind. Mel, H.X., and Baker, Doris (2001). Cryptography Decrypted, Addison Wesley ISBN 0-201-61647-5. This technical overview of basic cryptographic components (including ...
If p − q is less than 2n 1/4 (n = p⋅q, which even for "small" 1024-bit values of n is 3 × 10 77), solving for p and q is trivial. Furthermore, if either p − 1 or q − 1 has only small prime factors, n can be factored quickly by Pollard's p − 1 algorithm , and hence such values of p or q should be discarded.
Kryptographik Lehrbuch der Geheimschreibekunst (Cryptology: Instruction Book on the Art of Secret Writing) is an 1809 book on cryptography written by Johann Ludwig Klüber. [ 1 ] In 2011 the National Security Agency included a copy of Kryptographik , used by a German cryptographer during World War II , as part of a 50,000 page release of ...
Another variant by John L. Smith from the same year [3] uses a 64-bit key operating on a 32-bit block, using one addition mod 4 and a singular 4-bit S-box. The construction is designed to operate on 4 bits per clock cycle. This may be one of the smallest block-cipher implementations known.
GOST has a 64-bit block size and a key length of 256 bits. Its S-boxes can be secret, and they contain about 354 (log 2 (16! 8)) bits of secret information, so the effective key size can be increased to 610 bits; however, a chosen-key attack can recover the contents of the S-boxes in approximately 2 32 encryptions.
This design makes it easy to reuse Ascon in multiple ways (as a cipher, hash, or a MAC). [4] As of February 2023, the Ascon suite contained seven ciphers, [3] including: [5] Ascon-128 and Ascon-128a authenticated ciphers; Ascon-Hash cryptographic hash; Ascon-Xof extendable-output function; Ascon-80pq cipher with an "increased" 160-bit key.
If the key is random and is at least as long as the message, the XOR cipher is much more secure than when there is key repetition within a message. [4] When the keystream is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, the result is a stream cipher. With a key that is truly random, the result is a one-time pad, which is unbreakable in theory.