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Most of the mathematical functions are defined in <math.h> (<cmath> header in C++). The functions that operate on integers, such as abs, labs, div, and ldiv, are instead defined in the <stdlib.h> header (<cstdlib> header in C++). Any functions that operate on angles use radians as the unit of angle. [1]
Using a constant instead of specifying the same value multiple times can simplify code maintenance (as in don't repeat yourself) and can be self documenting by supplying a meaningful name for a value, for instance, PI instead of 3.1415926.
The number π (/ p aɪ / ⓘ; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.
where C is the circumference of a circle, d is the diameter, and r is the radius.More generally, = where L and w are, respectively, the perimeter and the width of any curve of constant width.
the use of 2 to check whether a number is even or odd, as in isEven = (x % 2 == 0), where % is the modulo operator; the use of simple arithmetic constants, e.g., in expressions such as circumference = 2 * Math.PI * radius, [1] or for calculating the discriminant of a quadratic equation as d = b^2 − 4*a*c
The Chudnovsky algorithm is a fast method for calculating the digits of π, based on Ramanujan's π formulae.Published by the Chudnovsky brothers in 1988, [1] it was used to calculate π to a billion decimal places.
C++14 allows the creation of variables that are templated. An example given in the proposal is a variable pi that can be read to get the value of pi for various types (e.g., 3 when read as an integral type; the closest value possible with float, double or long double precision when read as float, double or long double, respectively; etc.).
Approximations for the mathematical constant pi (π) in the history of mathematics reached an accuracy within 0.04% of the true value before the beginning of the Common Era. In Chinese mathematics , this was improved to approximations correct to what corresponds to about seven decimal digits by the 5th century.