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Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature. Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but it is possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same state of matter. For example, ice is the solid state of water, but there are multiple phases of ice with different crystal structures , which are formed at different pressures and temperatures.
The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned by the composition, behavior (or reaction), structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, [48] depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. [49] A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water.
These three colored quarks together form a color-neutral baryon. Symmetrically, three antiquarks with the colors "antired", "antiblue" and "antigreen" can form a color-neutral antibaryon . Quarks also carry fractional electric charges , but, since they are confined within hadrons whose charges are all integral, fractional charges have never ...
Ordinary baryons (composite fermions) contain three valence quarks or three valence antiquarks each. Nucleons are the fermionic constituents of normal atomic nuclei: Protons, composed of two up and one down quark (uud) Neutrons, composed of two down and one up quark (ddu)
A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. [1] [2] Chemical substances may take the form of a single element or chemical compounds. If two or more chemical substances can be combined without reacting, they may form a chemical mixture. [3]