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The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1194, involving many battles and independent conquerors. In 1130, the territories in southern Italy united as the Kingdom of Sicily, which included the island of Sicily, the southern third of the Italian Peninsula (including Benevento, which was briefly held twice), the archipelago of Malta, and parts of North Africa.
Roger I (Italian: Ruggero; Arabic: رُجار, romanized: Rujār; Maltese: Ruġġieru; Norse: Rogierr; c. 1031 [1] – 22 June 1101), nicknamed "Roger Bosso" and "Grand Count Roger", [a] was a Norman nobleman who became the first Grand Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101.
The Normans' initial military involvement in southern Italy was on the side of the Lombards against the Byzantines. Eventually, some Normans, including the powerful de Hauteville brothers, served in the army of George Maniakes during the attempted Byzantine reconquest of Sicily, only to turn against their employers when the emirs proved difficult to conquer.
The ambitious Roger saw this as an opportunity and was only too happy to offer his assistance. In 1061 Roger and Robert invaded Sicily and captured Messina. From here they would go on to take many towns and fortresses in the northeast of Sicily and defeated Ibn al-Hawas at a battle near Enna. However after this Robert went home to deal with ...
Lopez, Robert S. (1969). "The Norman Conquest of Sicily". In Setton, Kenneth Meyer (ed.). A History of the Crusades. Vol. 1. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 54– 67. ISBN 978-0299048341. Malaterra, Geoffrey (2005). The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard. Translated by Wolf, K. University of ...
The Norman invasion of Malta was an attack on the island of Malta, then inhabited predominantly by Muslims, by forces of the Norman County of Sicily led by Roger I in 1091. The invaders besieged Medina (modern Mdina), the main settlement on the island, but the inhabitants managed to negotiate peace terms. The Muslims freed Christian captives ...
The Kingdom of Sicily, 1100-1250: A Literary History. University of Pennsylvania Press. Mendola, Louis. The Kingdom of Sicily 1130-1266: The Norman-Swabian Age and the Identity of a People, Trinacria Editions, New York, 2021. Metcalfe, Alex. Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily: Arabic Speakers and the End of Islam, Routledge, 2002. Metcalfe ...
The Normans first arrived in Southern Italy in 1015 from northern France and served local Lombard lords as mercenaries against the Byzantine Empire. [6] As they were paid with lands, soon they were powerful enough to challenge Papal authority; in 1054, they defeated the Papal States at the Battle of Civitate, forcing the Holy See to acknowledge their authority. [7]