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English: Plot of arctic sea ice extent development between 1979 and 2023 in monthly mean values. For the determination of the "area" value, every pixel with a sea ice concentration > .15 is taken. The pixel area is multiplied with the concentration value derived from the passive infrared signal.
Russia's Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute has compiled ice charts dating back to 1933. Today, scientists studying Arctic sea ice trends can rely on a fairly comprehensive record dating back to 1953, using a combination of satellite records, shipping records, and ice charts from several countries. [2]
The Arctic ice pack is the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity. The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter. Summer ice cover in the Arctic is about 50% of winter cover. [1]
CICE (/ s aɪ s /) is a computer model that simulates the growth, melt and movement of sea ice.It has been integrated into many coupled climate system models as well as global ocean and weather forecasting models and is often used as a tool in Arctic and Southern Ocean research.
Ridges are distributed unevenly within the Arctic Ocean.Ridge concentration is the highest close to the Northern coast of Greenland and Canada. [8] Ridge concentration can be estimated using satellite laser altimeters, [9] while the most accurate measurements of ridge topography are obtained from airborne and submarine [10] surveys, as well as from ocean moorings. [11]
English: This visualization shows the age of the Arctic sea ice between 1984 and 2019. Younger sea ice, or first-year ice, is shown in a dark shade of blue while the ice that is four years old or older is shown as white. The animation shows the seasonal variability of the ice, growing in the Arctic winter and melting in the summer.
The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) is a United States information and referral center in support of polar and cryospheric research.NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow and ice data and also maintains information about snow cover, avalanches, glaciers, ice sheets, freshwater ice, sea ice, ground ice, permafrost, atmospheric ice, paleoglaciology, and ice cores.
The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter. The multi-year (i.e. perennial) sea ice covers nearly all of the central deep basins. The Arctic sea ice and its related biota are unique, and the year-round persistence of the ice has allowed the development of ice endemic species, meaning species not found anywhere else.