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In mathematics and computational science, Heun's method may refer to the improved [1] or modified Euler's method (that is, the explicit trapezoidal rule [2]), or a similar two-stage Runge–Kutta method. It is named after Karl Heun and is a numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value.
For this reason, the Euler method is said to be a first-order method, while the midpoint method is second order. We can extrapolate from the above table that the step size needed to get an answer that is correct to three decimal places is approximately 0.00001, meaning that we need 400,000 steps.
Diagonally Implicit Runge–Kutta (DIRK) formulae have been widely used for the numerical solution of stiff initial value problems; [6] the advantage of this approach is that here the solution may be found sequentially as opposed to simultaneously.
In numerical analysis, the Runge–Kutta methods (English: / ˈ r ʊ ŋ ə ˈ k ʊ t ɑː / ⓘ RUUNG-ə-KUUT-tah [1]) are a family of implicit and explicit iterative methods, which include the Euler method, used in temporal discretization for the approximate solutions of simultaneous nonlinear equations. [2]
This is the Euler method (or forward Euler method, in contrast with the backward Euler method, to be described below). The method is named after Leonhard Euler who described it in 1768. The Euler method is an example of an explicit method. This means that the new value y n+1 is defined in terms of things that are already known, like y n.
However, the semi-implicit Euler method is a symplectic integrator, unlike the standard method. As a consequence, the semi-implicit Euler method almost conserves the energy (when the Hamiltonian is time-independent). Often, the energy increases steadily when the standard Euler method is applied, making it far less accurate.
A simple predictor–corrector method (known as Heun's method) can be constructed from the Euler method (an explicit method) and the trapezoidal rule (an implicit method). Consider the differential equation ′ = (,), =, and denote the step size by .
This differs from the (forward) Euler method in that the forward method uses (,) in place of (+, +). The backward Euler method is an implicit method: the new approximation y k + 1 {\displaystyle y_{k+1}} appears on both sides of the equation, and thus the method needs to solve an algebraic equation for the unknown y k + 1 {\displaystyle y_{k+1}} .
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