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A luminous flame is a burning flame which is brightly visible. Much of its output is in the form of visible light , as well as heat or light in the non-visible wavelengths. An early study of flame luminosity was conducted by Michael Faraday and became part of his series of Royal Institution Christmas Lectures , The Chemical History of a Candle .
A substance is characterized by a burn rate vs. pressure chart and burn rate vs temperature chart. Higher burn rate than the speed of sound in the material (usually several km/s): "detonation" A few meters per second: "deflagration" A few centimeters per second: "burn" or "smolder" 0.01 mm/s to 100 mm/s: "decomposing rapidly" to characterise it.
Zones in a candle flame The interior of the luminous zone can be much hotter, beyond 1,500 °C (2,730 °F). [3] Color and temperature of a flame are dependent on the type of fuel involved in the combustion. For example, when a lighter is held to a candle, the applied heat causes the fuel molecules in the candle wax to vaporize.
A flame test involves introducing a sample of the element or compound to a hot, non-luminous flame and observing the color of the flame that results. [4] The compound can be made into a paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid, as metal halides, being volatile, give better results. [5] Different flames can be tried to verify the accuracy of ...
Ethanol burning with its spectrum depicted. In the study of combustion, the adiabatic flame temperature is the temperature reached by a flame under ideal conditions. It is an upper bound of the temperature that is reached in actual processes.
A campfire burning with blue and green flame colorants Different colors of natural flame from a bunsen burner, without additives. Colored fire is a common pyrotechnic effect used in stage productions, fireworks and by fire performers the world over.
A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle. Griffin, Bohn & Co. ISBN 1-4255-1974-1. Full text of The Chemical History Of A Candle from Internet Archive, with illustrations. Pattison, Darcy and Michael Faraday (2016). Burn: Michael Faraday's Candle. Mims House Picture book adaptation of Faraday's lecture.
The term candlepower was originally defined in the United Kingdom, by the Metropolitan Gas Act 1860, as the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle that weighs 1 ⁄ 6 pound (76 grams) and burns at a rate of 120 grains per hour (7.8 grams per hour).