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The concept of replacing hydrogen with deuterium is an example of bioisosterism, whereby similar biological effects to a known drug are produced in an analog designed to confer superior properties. [5]
The exchange reaction can be followed using a variety of methods (see Detection). Since this exchange is an equilibrium reaction, the molar amount of deuterium should be high compared to the exchangeable protons of the substrate. For instance, deuterium is added to a protein in H 2 O by diluting the H 2 O solution with D 2 O (e.g. tenfold ...
Deuterium is subsequently produced by the slow stellar proton–proton chain, but rapidly destroyed by exothermic fusion reactions. The deuterium-deuterium reaction has the second-lowest energy threshold, and is the most astrophysically accessible, occurring in both stars and brown dwarfs. The gas giant planets display the primordial ratio of ...
Deuterated DMSO is produced by heating DMSO in heavy water (D 2 O) with a basic catalyst such as calcium oxide.The reaction does not give complete conversion to the d 6 product, and the water produced must be removed and replaced with D 2 O several times to drive the equilibrium to the fully deuterated product.
Deuterated acetone is prepared by the reaction of acetone with heavy water, 2 H 2 O or D 2 O, in the presence of a base. In this case, the base used is deuterated lithium hydroxide : [ 1 ] In order to fully deuterate the acetone, the process is repeated several times, distilling off the acetone from the heavy water, and re-running the reaction ...
Deuterated benzene will undergo all the same reactions its normal analogue will, just a little more slowly due to the kinetic isotope effect. For example, deuterated benzene could be used in the synthesis of deuterated benzoic acid, if desired:
Deuterated chloroform, also known as chloroform-d, is the organic compound with the formula CDCl 3.Deuterated chloroform is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. [2] The properties of CDCl 3 and ordinary CHCl 3 are virtually identical.
The Ugi reaction has been applied in combination with an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction [16] in an extended multistep reaction. A reaction in its own right is the Ugi–Smiles reaction with the carboxylic acid component replaced by a phenol. In this reaction the Mumm rearrangement in the final step is replaced by the Smiles rearrangement. [17]