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The principle of male as norm holds that grammatical and lexical devices such as the use of the suffix-ess (as in actress) specifically indicating the female form, the use of man to mean "human", and similar means strengthen the perceptions that the male category is the norm, and that corresponding female categories are derivations and thus less important.
Evidence points to the negative impact of hegemonic masculinity on men's health-related behavior, with American men making 134.5 million fewer physician visits per year than women. Twenty-five percent of men aged 45 to 60 do not have a personal physician, increasing their risk of death from heart disease .
[1] [2] [3] Hegemonic masculinity is defined as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man.
[1] [2] These are societies defined by male supremacy, in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property. With systemic subordination of women, males gain economic, political, social, educational, and practical advantages that are more or less ...
Machismo is a term originating in the early 1940s and 1950s and its use more widespread in popular culture in the 60s. [3] While the term is associated with "a man's responsibility to provide for, protect, and defend his family", [4] machismo is strongly and consistently associated with dominance, aggression, grandstanding, and an inability to ...
The idea states that male dominance in a patriarchal society is a major factor in enforcing compulsory female heterosexuality; [1] that, in order to serve men's needs, heterosexuality requires men to force women into heterosexual relationships and marriage under a patriarchal society. [9]
Related to this is the Father's Rights Movement, whose members seek social and political reforms that affect fathers and their children. [253] These individuals contest that societal institutions such as family courts, and laws relating to child custody and child support payments, are gender biased in favor of mothers as the default caregiver.
Hypermasculinity is a psychological and sociological term for the exaggeration of male stereotypical behavior, such as an emphasis on physical strength, aggression, and human male sexuality.