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Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones [1] and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. [2] The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for ...
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.
The osteoclast releases hydrogen ions through the action of carbonic anhydrase (H 2 O + CO 2 → HCO 3 − + H +) through the ruffled border into the resorptive cavity, acidifying and aiding dissolution of the mineralized bone matrix into Ca 2+, H 3 PO 4, H 2 CO 3, water and other substances. Dysfunction of the carbonic anhydrase has been ...
In humans, the total body content of calcium is present mostly in the form of bone mineral (roughly 99%). In this state, it is largely unavailable for exchange/bioavailability. The way to overcome this is through the process of bone resorption, in which calcium is liberated into the bloodstream through the action of bone osteoclasts. The ...
The calcium cycle is a transfer of calcium between dissolved and solid phases. There is a continuous supply of calcium ions into waterways from rocks, organisms, and soils. [1] [2] Calcium ions are consumed and removed from aqueous environments as they react to form insoluble structures such as calcium carbonate and calcium silicate, [1] [3] which can deposit to form sediments or the ...
Water can be broken down into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen by metabolic or abiotic processes, and later recombined to become water again. While the water cycle is itself a biogeochemical cycle , flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. [ 8 ]
The formation of biogenic calcium carbonate by marine calcifiers is one way to add ballast to sinking particles and enhance transport of carbon to the deep ocean and seafloor. [46] The calcium carbonate counter pump refers to the biological process of precipitation of carbonate and the sinking of particulate inorganic carbon. [ 47 ]
The SR contains ion channel pumps, within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca 2+ into the SR. As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell, the calcium ions will not freely flow into the SR, and therefore pumps are required, that use energy, which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).