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Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones [1] and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. [2] The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for ...
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.
However, PTH enhances the uptake of phosphate from the intestine and bones into the blood. In the bone, slightly more calcium than phosphate is released from the breakdown of bone. In the intestines, absorption of both calcium and phosphate is mediated by an increase in activated vitamin D. The absorption of phosphate is not as dependent on ...
The osteoclast releases hydrogen ions through the action of carbonic anhydrase (H 2 O + CO 2 → HCO 3 − + H +) through the ruffled border into the resorptive cavity, acidifying and aiding dissolution of the mineralized bone matrix into Ca 2+, H 3 PO 4, H 2 CO 3, water and other substances. Dysfunction of the carbonic anhydrase has been ...
Calcium is needed to support many functions in the body, such as preventing bone weakness. And vitamin D is critical to bone health as well since it helps with calcium absorption.
Water can come from roofs leaking during rainstorms, floods, fire sprinkler systems, or broken pipes. [7] It can soften and destroy the bone, antler, or horn if it becomes waterlogged. Mold and mildew growth can cause further damage. If the water in the crevices or pores of the bone, antler, or horn were to freeze, it would crack the object.
The SR contains ion channel pumps, within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca 2+ into the SR. As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell, the calcium ions will not freely flow into the SR, and therefore pumps are required, that use energy, which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
As calcium binds to the osteoid, the matrix hardens, and the osteoblasts become entrapped, transforming into osteocytes. As osteoblasts continue to secrete osteoid, it surrounds blood vessels, leading to the formation of trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone. These blood vessels will eventually develop into red bone marrow.