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The spinal veins (veins of the medulla spinalis or veins of the spinal cord) are situated in the pia mater and form a minute, tortuous, venous plexus. They emerge chiefly from the median fissures of the medulla spinalis and are largest in the lumbar region .
The most efficient way to study the spinal venous system along with the anterior spinal veins is to do it postmortem. These types of studies give an effective anatomical demonstration of how the system works. One of the few major studies of the venous anatomy was conducted by Armin Thron, which can be seen in his published “Vascular Anatomy ...
The internal vertebral venous plexuses (intraspinal veins) lie within the vertebral canal in the epidural space, [1] [2] embedded within epidural fat. [2] [3] They receive tributaries from bones, red bone marrow, and spinal cord. They are arranged into four interconnected, vertically oriented vessels - two situated anteriorly, and two ...
The external vertebral venous plexuses (extraspinal veins) consist of anterior and posterior plexuses which anastomose freely with each other. They are most prominent in the cervical region [ 1 ] where they form anastomoses with the vertebral , occipital , and deep cervical veins .
The bases of denticulate ligaments arise in the pia mater and are firmly attached to the arachnoid mater and dura mater at the apex. [2] The denticulate ligaments extend across the subarachnoid space between anterior nerve roots and posterior nerve roots, piercing the intervening spinal arachnoid mater to reach the dura.
The 3rd and 4th lumbar veins drain into the inferior vena cava. [3]The fate of the two superior lumbar veins is far more variable, and may drain into either the inferior vena cava, ascending lumbar vein, azygos vein, or (on the left side) the left renal vein; the 1st lumbar vein often passes inferiorly to join the 2nd lumbar vein, but may less commonly drain into the ascending lumbar vein, or ...
The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas.
Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs allows the examiner to evaluate the gross anatomy of the venous networks as well as the blood flow direction, which is crucial in determining vein pathology. It has become the reference standard used in the assessment of the condition and hemodynamics of the veins of the lower limbs.