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4-Fluoroephedrine, also known as 4-fluoro-β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, is a substituted phenethylamine, amphetamine, and β-hydroxyamphetamine derivative. [6] [1] It is the 4-fluoro analogue of ephedrine. [6] [1] The synthesis of 4-fluoroephedrine has been described. [7] It can serve as a precursor in the synthesis of 4-fluoromethamphetamine ...
Serious side effects include stroke and heart attack. [11] While probably safe in pregnancy, its use in this population [citation needed] is poorly studied. [12] [13] Use during breastfeeding is not recommended. [13] Ephedrine works by inducing the release of norepinephrine and hence indirectly activating the α-and β-adrenergic receptors. [11]
4-Fluoromethylphenidate was studied further along with other analogues of (±)-threo-methylphenidate (TMP) to assess their potential as anti-cocaine medications. 4F-MPH was reported as having an ED 50 mg/kg of 0.26 (0.18–0.36), regarding its efficacy as a substitute for cocaine, and a relative potency of 3.33 compared to methylphenidate for ...
[3] [4] [1] It is reported to be used in various over-the-counter cough and cold preparations throughout the world, including Japan. [1] The drug is an ephedrine-like sympathomimetic and activates α-and β-adrenergic receptors. [5] Chemically, it is a substituted amphetamine and is closely related to ephedrine. [3] [4]
4-Fluoroamphetamine is a releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. [9] The respective EC 50 values are 2.0 x 10 −7 M, 7.3 x 10 −7 M, and 0.37 x 10 −7 M, while the IC 50 values are 7.7 x 10 −7 M, 68 x 10 −7 M, and 4.2 x 10 −7 M. [3]
4-FMA is considered a Schedule 9 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). [6] A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or ...
[4] [5] [6] It is taken by mouth. [1] Oxilofrine acts as a norepinephrine releasing agent and hence is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic. [7] [6] [8] It is a substituted amphetamine and is closely related to ephedrine (with oxilofrine also being known as 4-hydroxyephedrine). [4] [8] Oxilofrine was first developed in the 1930s. [9]
Tedral was withdrawn from the US market in 2006 due to safety concerns related to the use of ephedrine. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had previously issued warnings about the use of ephedrine-containing products due to their potential for serious side effects, including heart attack, stroke, and death. [30]