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For example, 32 contiguous bits may be treated as an array of 32 Booleans, a 4-byte string, an unsigned 32-bit integer or an IEEE single precision floating point value. Because the stored bits are never changed, the programmer must know low level details such as representation format, byte order, and alignment needs, to meaningfully cast.
^ The netstrings specification only deals with nested byte strings; anything else is outside the scope of the specification. ^ PHP will unserialize any floating-point number correctly, but will serialize them to their full decimal expansion. For example, 3.14 will be serialized to 3.140 000 000 000 000 124 344 978 758 017 532 527 446 746 826 ...
FL Studio Project File 31 30 4C 46: 10LF: 0 flm FL Studio Mobile Project File 52 4b 4d 43 32 31 30: RKMC210: 0 Vormetric Encryption DPM Version 2.1 Header [96] 00 01 00 00 4D 53 49 53 41 4D 20 44 61 74 61 62 61 73 65 ␀␁␀␀MSISAM Database: 0 mny Microsoft Money file 00 01 00 00 53 74 61 6E 64 61 72 64 20 41 43 45 20 44 42 ...
Human interface device report descriptor bytes use a byte-count bitfield of 2 bits to encode the size of the following integer of zero, one, two, or four bytes, always little endian. Signedness, i.e. whether to expand the shortened integer with sign or not, depends on the descriptor type.
The prefix checksum is the 8-bit sum of the four-bit hexadecimal value of the six digits that make up the address and byte count. Data— contains the data to be transferred, followed by a 2 character (1 byte) checksum. The data checksum is the 8-bit sum, modulo 256, of the 4-bit hexadecimal values of the digits that make up the data bytes. [4] [2]
A processor with 128-bit byte addressing could directly address up to 2 128 (over 3.40 × 10 38) bytes, which would greatly exceed the total data captured, created, or replicated on Earth as of 2018, which has been estimated to be around 33 zettabytes (over 2 74 bytes). [1] A 128-bit register can store 2 128 (over 3.40 × 10 38) different values.
For example, it is possible to convert Cyrillic text from KOI8-R to Windows-1251 using a lookup table between the two encodings, but the modern approach is to convert the KOI8-R file to Unicode first and from that to Windows-1251. This is a more manageable approach; rather than needing lookup tables for all possible pairs of character encodings ...
Here the leftmost column represents the address at which the bytes represented by the following columns are located. CP/M and various DOS systems ran in real mode on the x86 CPUs, where addresses are composed of two parts (base and offset). In the above examples the final 00s are non-existent bytes beyond the end of the file.