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Rectovaginal fistulas are often the result of trauma during childbirth (in which case it is known as obstetric fistula), with increased risk associated with significant lacerations or interventions are used such as episiotomy or operative (forceps/vacuum extraction) deliveries [2] or in situations where there is inadequate health care, such as in some developing countries.
Tracheoinnominate fistula (TIAF or TIF) is an abnormal connection between the innominate artery (brachiocephalic trunk or brachiocephalic artery) and the trachea. A TIF is a rare but life-threatening iatrogenic injury, usually the sequela of a tracheotomy .
Before the person undergoes surgery, treatment and evaluation are needed for conditions including anemia, malnutrition, and malaria. Quality treatment in low-resource settings are possible (as in the cases of Nigeria and Ethiopia). [16] Treatment is available through reconstructive surgery. [53] Primary fistula repair has a 91% success rate. [46]
Vesicouterine fistulas occur most commonly after lower segment caesarean sections (about 83-93% of cases). [2] The possible mechanisms by which vesicouterine fistulas occur following caesarean sections include undetected bladder injury during caesarean section, inadvertent placement of a suture through the bladder during the repair of the uterus and abnormal blood vessel connections following ...
First- and second-degree tears rarely cause long-term problems. Among women who experience a third- or fourth-degree tear, 60–80% are asymptomatic after 12 months. [24] Faecal incontinence, faecal urgency, chronic perineal pain, pain with sex, and fistula formation occur in a minority of women, but may be permanent. [25]
Premenopausal women with hematometra often experience abnormal vaginal bleeding, including dysmenorrhea (pain during menstruation) or amenorrhea (lack of menstruation), while postmenopausal women are more likely to be asymptomatic. [3] Due to the accumulation of blood in the uterus, patients may develop low blood pressure or a vasovagal ...
A ureterovaginal fistula is a result of trauma, infection, pelvic surgery, radiation treatment and therapy, malignancy, or inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can be troubling for women especially since some clinicians delay treatment until inflammation is reduced and stronger tissue has formed. [2]
Fistulas can form after long-term pessary use, [10] hysterectomies, malignant disease and pelvic irradiation, [4] [11] [1] pelvic surgery, cancer or a pelvic fracture. [4] [12] Fistulas are sometimes found after a cesarean section. [8] Providers can also inadvertently cause a fistula when performing obstetric or gynecological surgery.