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High salt concentrations within drinking water sources can result in many harmful effects on human health. [14] A study on two coastal villages in Bangladesh showed that when freshwater contaminated with high salinity concentrations is consumed, it can result in health issues such as hair loss, skin diseases, gastric problems, diarrhea, and ...
Weathering carbonation occurs in concrete when calcium compounds react with carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere and water (H 2 O) in the concrete pores. The reaction is as follows. First, through chemical weathering, CO 2 reacts with water in the concrete pores to form carbonic acid: CO 2 + H 2 O ⇌ H 2 CO 3
Michigan Concrete Association recommends a regular salt like Morton table salt instead of an ice melter because it’s 100 percent sodium chloride (NaCl). This, however, is recommended for ...
Dryland salinity is a sign that the water balance of the nearby area of land or catchment has been altered. Clearing as little as 25% of a catchment can cause salinity to occur. In addition to adding extra recharge, salinity may also be caused if the aquifers discharge capacity has been exceeded.
Water extraction drops the level of fresh groundwater, reducing its water pressure and allowing saltwater to flow further inland. Other contributors to saltwater intrusion include navigation channels or agricultural and drainage channels , which provide conduits for saltwater to move inland.
An irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater, rivers, lakes, or overland flow, and distributes it over a certain area. Hydrological, or direct, effects of doing this [1] include reduction in downstream river flow, increased evaporation in the irrigated area, increased level in the water table as groundwater recharge in the area is ...
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. [1] Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean.
When atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2), or carbonate ions (HCO − 3, CO 2− 3 dissolved in water) diffuse into concrete from its external surface, they react with calcium hydroxide (portlandite, Ca(OH) 2) and the pH of the concrete pore water progressively decreases from 13.5 – 12.5 to 8.5 (pH of water in equilibrium with calcite).