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In mathematical logic and descriptive set theory, the analytical hierarchy is an extension of the arithmetical hierarchy. The analytical hierarchy of formulas includes formulas in the language of second-order arithmetic , which can have quantifiers over both the set of natural numbers , N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } , and over functions from N ...
The set of solutions to an equation or system of equations is called its solution set. [20] For example, the set of all solution pairs ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} of the equation x 2 + y 2 = 1 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=1} forms the unit circle in analytic geometry ; therefore, this equation is called the equation of the unit circle .
A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various types, many symbols are needed for ...
In mathematics and logic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition. [1] This sort of quantification is known as uniqueness quantification or unique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!" [2] or "∃ =1". For example, the formal statement
In mathematics, the solution set of a system of equations or inequality is the set of all its solutions, that is the values that satisfy all equations and inequalities. [1] Also, the solution set or the truth set of a statement or a predicate is the set of all values that satisfy it. If there is no solution, the solution set is the empty set. [2]
A line is expressed as the intersection of two planes, that is as the solution set of a single linear equation with values in or as the solution set of two linear equations with values in . A conic section is the intersection of a cone with equation x 2 + y 2 = z 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=z^{2}} and a plane.
For example, the solution set for the above equation is a line, since a point in the solution set can be chosen by specifying the value of the parameter z. An infinite solution of higher order may describe a plane, or higher-dimensional set. Different choices for the free variables may lead to different descriptions of the same solution set.
A binary equaliser (that is, an equaliser of just two functions) is also called a difference kernel.This may also be denoted DiffKer(f, g), Ker(f, g), or Ker(f − g).The last notation shows where this terminology comes from, and why it is most common in the context of abstract algebra: The difference kernel of f and g is simply the kernel of the difference f − g.