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The intersection of a UTM zone and a latitude band is (normally) a 6° × 8° polygon called a grid zone, whose designation in MGRS is formed by the zone number (one or two digits – the number for zones 1 to 9 is just a single digit, according to the example in DMA TM 8358.1, Section 3-2, [1] Figure 7), followed by the latitude band letter ...
The formulas involved can be complex and in some cases, such as in the ECEF to geodetic conversion above, the conversion has no closed-form solution and approximate methods must be used. References such as the DMA Technical Manual 8358.1 [15] and the USGS paper Map Projections: A Working Manual [16] contain formulas for conversion of map ...
Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection This document from the U.S. National Geodetic Survey describes the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983, including details on the equations used to perform ...
As noted above, the iterative solution to the inverse problem fails to converge or converges slowly for nearly antipodal points. An example of slow convergence is (Φ 1, L 1) = (0°, 0°) and (Φ 2, L 2) = (0.5°, 179.5°) for the WGS84 ellipsoid. This requires about 130 iterations to give a result accurate to 1 mm. Depending on how the inverse ...
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A projected coordinate system – also called a projected coordinate reference system, planar coordinate system, or grid reference system – is a type of spatial reference system that represents locations on Earth using Cartesian coordinates (x, y) on a planar surface created by a particular map projection. [1]
Coordinate values (latitude, longitude, and altitude) should be delimited by spaces. The decimal point is a part of the value, thus must usually be configured by the operating system. [a] Multiple locations should be represented by multiple lines. Latitude and longitude should be displayed by sexagesimal fractions (i.e. minutes and seconds).
The reverse conversion is harder: given X-Y-Z can immediately get longitude, but no closed formula for latitude and height exists. See "Geodetic system." Using Bowring's formula in 1976 Survey Review the first iteration gives latitude correct within 10-11 degree as long as the point is within 10,000 meters above or 5,000 meters below the ellipsoid.