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  2. Photoelectric effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect

    A photon above a threshold frequency has the required energy to eject a single electron, creating the observed effect. This was a step in the development of quantum mechanics . In 1914, Robert A. Millikan 's highly accurate measurements of the Planck constant from the photoelectric effect supported Einstein's model, even though a corpuscular ...

  3. Flicker fusion threshold - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flicker_fusion_threshold

    The flicker fusion threshold, also known as critical flicker frequency or flicker fusion rate, is the frequency at which a flickering light appears steady to the average human observer. It is a concept studied in vision science , more specifically in the psychophysics of visual perception .

  4. Tone decay test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_decay_test

    A tone at the frequency of 4000 Hz is presented for 60 seconds at an intensity of 5 decibels above the patient's absolute threshold of hearing. If the patient stops hearing the tone before 60 seconds, the intensity level is increased by another 5 decibels with the procedure repeated until the tone can be heard for the full 60 seconds or until no decibel level can be found where the tone can be ...

  5. Auditory masking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_masking

    Similar to simultaneous masking, temporal masking reveals the frequency analysis performed by the auditory system; forward masking thresholds for complex harmonic tones (e.g., a sawtooth probe with a fundamental frequency of 500 Hz) exhibit threshold peaks (i.e., high masking levels) for frequency bands centered on the first several harmonics ...

  6. Drain-induced barrier lowering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain-induced_barrier_lowering

    where or Vtsat is the threshold voltage measured at a supply voltage (the high drain voltage), and or Vtlin is the threshold voltage measured at a very low drain voltage, typically 0.05 V or 0.1 V. is the supply voltage (the high drain voltage) and is the low drain voltage (for a linear part of device I-V characteristics). The minus in the ...

  7. Population inversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_inversion

    The energy difference between the two states ΔE 21 is emitted from the atom as a photon of frequency ν 21 as given by the frequency-energy relation above. The photons are emitted stochastically , and there is no fixed phase relationship between photons emitted from a group of excited atoms; in other words, spontaneous emission is incoherent .

  8. Bandwidth (signal processing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)

    The 3 dB bandwidth of an electronic filter or communication channel is the part of the system's frequency response that lies within 3 dB of the response at its peak, which, in the passband filter case, is typically at or near its center frequency, and in the low-pass filter is at or near its cutoff frequency. If the maximum gain is 0 dB, the 3 ...

  9. Fatigue (material) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)

    If the loads are above a certain threshold, microscopic cracks will begin to initiate at stress concentrations such as holes, persistent slip bands (PSBs), composite interfaces or grain boundaries in metals. [3] The stress values that cause fatigue damage are typically much less than the yield strength of the material.