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Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states had Jim Crow Laws mandating racial segregation of schools. . Northern states and some border states were primarily white (in 1940, the populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the ...
The implementation of school integration policies did not just affect black and white students; in recent years, scholars have noted how the integration of public schools significantly affected Hispanic populations in the south and southwest. Historically, Hispanic-Americans were legally considered white.
Integrated public schools meant local white teachers in charge, and they were not trusted. The black leadership generally supported segregated all-black schools. [7] [8] The black community wanted black principals and teachers, or (in private schools) highly supportive whites sponsored by northern churches. Public schools were segregated ...
Though the case was decided in 1954, it was followed by more than a decade of delay and avoidance before school districts began to meaningfully allow Black students to enter white schools. It took further court rulings, monitoring and enforcement to bring a short-lived era of integration to hundreds of school districts.
Counts, George S. School and Society in Chicago (1928) online "Free Public Schools of Chicago" Eclectic Journal of Education and Literary Review (January 15, 1851). 2#20 online; Havighurst, Robert J. The public schools of Chicago: a survey for the Board of Education of the City of Chicago (1964). online
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At the time, Detroit schools were about 70% Black and suburban schools were more than 90% white. Fifty years ago, lawyers squared off before the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case known as ...
Fire on the prairie: Chicago's Harold Washington and the politics of race (Holt, 1992, ISBN 0-8050-2698-3) Rocksborough-Smith, Ian. Black public history in Chicago: Civil rights activism from World War II into the Cold War (U of Illinois Press, 2018). Rocksborough-Smith, Ian. "Margaret T.G. Burroughs and Black Public History in Cold War Chicago".