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Simpson's paradox is a phenomenon in probability and statistics in which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social-science and medical-science statistics, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and is particularly problematic when frequency data are unduly given ...
This is a special case of Simpson's paradox. Simpson's paradox , or the Yule–Simpson effect : A trend that appears in different groups of data disappears when these groups are combined, and the reverse trend appears for the aggregate data.
Research dating back to Émile Durkheim suggests that predominantly Protestant localities have higher suicide rates than predominantly Catholic localities. [3] According to Freedman, [4] the idea that Durkheim's findings link, at an individual level, a person's religion to their suicide risk is an example of the ecological fallacy.
Simpson's paradox; Stein's example; W. Will Rogers phenomenon This page was last edited on 23 April 2020, at 22:18 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative ...
Edward Hugh Simpson CB (10 December 1922 [1] – 5 February 2019 [2] [3] [4]) was a British codebreaker, statistician and civil servant. He was best known for having described Simpson's paradox along with Udny Yule .
Simpson's paradox, a term introduced by Colin R. Blyth in 1972; but Edward Simpson did not actually discover this statistical paradox. The Simson line in geometry is named for Robert Simson, but cannot be found in Simson's works. Instead, it was first discovered by William Wallace in 1797.
The low birth-weight paradox is an apparently paradoxical observation relating to the birth weights and mortality rate of children born to tobacco smoking mothers. Low birth-weight children born to smoking mothers have a lower infant mortality rate than the low birth weight children of non-smokers. It is an example of Simpson's paradox.
Samet [6] provided a formal definition of the principle in terms of knowledge and showed that the impossibility to agree to disagree is a generalization of the sure-thing principle. It is similarly targeted by the Ellsberg and Allais paradoxes , in which actual people's choices seem to violate this principle.