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Gastric acid or stomach acid is the acidic component – hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, produced by parietal cells in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. In humans, the pH is between one and three, much lower than most other animals, but is very similar to that of carrion eating carnivores , needing protection from ingesting pathogens .
The Heidelberg test is a medical diagnostic test used in the diagnosis of hypochlorhydria, i.e. insufficient hydrochloric acid in the stomach, hyperchlorhydria, achlorhydria, and for suspected bile reflux. When performing the Heidelberg test, the patient swallows a small electronic device about the size of a vitamin capsule.
In gastroenterology, esophageal pH monitoring is the current gold standard for diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It provides direct physiologic measurement of acid in the esophagus and is the most objective method to document reflux disease, assess the severity of the disease and monitor the response of the disease to medical or surgical treatment.
In 1916, Popielski described histamine as a gastric secretagogue of hydrochloric acid. William Beaumont was an army surgeon who in 1825, was able to observe digestion as it took place in the stomach. [55] This was made possible by experiments on a man with a stomach wound that did not fully heal leaving an opening into the stomach.
50-60% of total gastric acid secretion occurs during this phase. The gastric phase is a period in which swallowed food and semidigested protein (peptides and amino acids) activate gastric activity. Ingested food stimulates gastric activity in two ways: by stretching the stomach and by gastric contents stimulating receptors in the stomach. [2]
The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H + /K + ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach.It exchanges potassium from the intestinal lumen with cytoplasmic hydronium [2] and is the enzyme primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents and the activation of the digestive enzyme pepsin [3] (see gastric acid).
The combining forms of the name (chlor-+ hydr-), referring to chlorine and hydrogen, are the same as those in the name of hydrochloric acid, which is the active constituent of gastric acid. In humans, the normal pH is around 1 to 3, which varies throughout the day. The highest basal secretion levels are in the late evening (around 12 A.M. to 3 ...
A canaliculus is an adaptation found on gastric parietal cells. It is a deep infolding, or little channel, which serves to increase the surface area, e.g. for secretion. The parietal cell membrane is dynamic; the numbers of canaliculi rise and fall according to secretory n
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