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Food allergy is principally diagnosed by careful history and examination. When reactions occur immediately after certain food ingestion then diagnosis is straight forward and can be documented by using carefully performed tests such as the skin prick test and the radioallergosorbent test RAST to detect specific IgE antibodies to specific food proteins and aero-allergens.
Food intolerance is a detrimental reaction, often delayed, to a food, beverage, food additive, or compound found in foods that produces symptoms in one or more body organs and systems, but generally refers to reactions other than food allergy. Food hypersensitivity is used to refer broadly to both food intolerances and food allergies.
The test may be performed in people with suspected gluten-related disorders in very specific occasions and under medical supervision, for example in people who had started a gluten-free diet without performing duodenal biopsy. [1] [2] [3] Gluten challenge is discouraged before the age of 5 years and during pubertal growth. [4]
The subject of "food intolerance", including gluten sensitivity and elimination diets, was discussed in 1976. [ 51 ] Patients with symptoms including abdominal pain and diarrhea, which improved on gluten withdrawal, and who did not have celiac disease were initially described in 1976 and 1978 with the first series in 1980.
The manifestations of histamine intolerance are usually systemic, affecting the entire body; still, these symptoms are often sporadic and non-specific. [5] [6] [7] The onset of symptoms is usually shortly (within a few hours) after specific food or drink consumption, and subsequent remission usually happens in 4-8 weeks of dieting, [8] that is excluding food that causes the onset of symptoms.
Lactose intolerance is found in most adults, except for specific geographic populations, notably those of European descent. [20] Many who benefit from a low FODMAP diet need not restrict fructose or lactose. It is possible to identify these two conditions with hydrogen and methane breath testing, thus eliminating the necessity for dietary ...
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a systemic, non-immunoglobulin E -mediated food allergy to a specific trigger within food, most likely food protein. As opposed to the more common IgE food allergy, which presents within seconds with rash, hives, difficulty breathing or anaphylaxis, FPIES presents with a delayed reaction ...
Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and could be anaphylaxis. [15] [45] The treatment of wheat allergy consists of complete withdrawal of any food containing wheat and other gluten-containing cereals. [45] [46] Nevertheless, some people can tolerate barley, rye or oats. [47]
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