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Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) [1] is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a 'person who professes'. Professors are usually experts in their field and teachers of the highest rank. [1]
Professor Associado or Professor Coordenador (associate professor) – PhD required; Professor Auxiliar com Agregação (assistant professor) – PhD and Agregação (habilitation) required; Professor Auxiliar or Professor Adjunto (assistant professor) – PhD required. Extinct ranks: Assistente (teaching assistant) - without a PhD
The term "professors" in the United States refers to a group of educators at the college and university level.In the United States, while "Professor" as a proper noun (with a capital "P") generally implies a position title officially bestowed by a university or college to faculty members with a PhD or the highest level terminal degree in a non-academic field (e.g., MFA, MLIS), [citation needed ...
Traditionally, Assistant Professor has been the usual entry-level rank for faculty on the "tenure track", although this depends on the institution and the field.Then, promotion to the rank of Associate Professor and later Professor (informally, "Full Professor") indicates that significant work has been done in research, teaching and institutional service.
To go to the next grade (e.g. from associate professor to professor), an application must be submitted, and the criteria are as exacting as in North America. Simon Batterbury argues this system offers less opportunity for sabotage, and more adherence to social justice goals, even though 'permanent' staff members can be fired at any time. [43]
At some universities, the distinction between "academic faculty" and "administrative faculty" is made explicit by the former being contracted for nine months per year, meaning that they can devote their time to research (and possibly be absent from the campus) during the summer months, while the latter are contracted for twelve months per year.
An academic degree is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.These institutions often offer degrees at various levels, usually divided into undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.
As such, the French habilitation is similar to the promotion to associate professor in North America. In other words, the North American ranks of assistant professor, associate professor, and full professor are equivalent to maître de conférences, French habilitation / qualification, and professeur des universités, respectively, in France.