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Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom), [3] and formerly mental retardation (in the United States), [4] [5] [6] is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning that is first apparent during childhood.
Generally, diseases outlined within the ICD-10 codes F70-F79 within Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders should be included in this category. Subcategories This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total.
Borderline intellectual functioning, previously called borderline mental retardation (in the ICD-8), [1] is a categorization of intelligence wherein a person has below average cognitive ability (generally an IQ of 70–85), [2] but the deficit is not as severe as intellectual disability (below 70). It is sometimes called below average IQ (BAIQ).
In the United Kingdom, the term "learning disability" generally refers to an intellectual disability, ... Math disability (ICD-10 and DSM-IV codes F81.2-3/315.1)
Although the SynGAP protein was first identified in 1998, [25] SYNGAP1 mutations were not found to be responsible for cases of intellectual disability until 2009. [26] On October 1, 2021, the first ICD-10 Code for SYNGAP1-related disorders became effective.
The diagnostic criteria necessary in order to diagnose intellectual disability consists of: A. Deficits in intellectual functions, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, and learning. These deficits are confirmed through clinical assessments and individualized standardized tests.
The scientific study of the causes of developmental disorders involves many theories. Some of the major differences between these theories involves whether environment disrupts normal development, if abnormalities are pre-determined, or if they are products of human evolutionary history which become disorders in modern environments (see evolutionary psychiatry). [5]
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is an international standard diagnostic classification for a wide variety of health conditions. The ICD-10 states that mental disorder is "not an exact term", although is generally used "...to imply the existence of a clinically recognisable set of symptoms or behaviours associated in most cases with distress and with interference with ...