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Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors, threats, sexual remarks, a victims' personal information, or hate speech. [4] Bullying or harassment can be identified by repeated behavior and an intent to harm. [5] Tactics can also include creating or posting on fake profiles to create anonymity to spread harmful messages. [citation needed]
The Law defines bullying as any repeated aggression or harassment that occurs in or outside the educational institution, by one student or a group towards another, causing mistreatment, humiliation, or fear. Bullying may be perpetrated in person or through any means, including cyber-bullying.
Cyber-bullying that does not involve explicit sexual content can be more difficult to prosecute because there are no federal laws directly protecting children from direct forms of cyber-bullying. [23] Cases of cyber-bullying are difficult to pursue in the United States due to infringement on First Amendment rights (i.e.: freedom of speech). [24]
Like the Meier case, the Clementi case spurred legislators (this time, in New Jersey) to pass a law specifically aimed at bullying, an "Anti-bullying Bill of Rights". [ 20 ] While some laws are written such that the focus on cyberbullying is the set of acts that occur within a school, others are more general, targeting cyberbullying no matter ...
In the United Kingdom, there is no legal definition of the term "bullying", [15] while some states in the United States currently have laws specifically against it. [16] Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse: psychological (sometimes referred to as "emotional" or "relational" ), verbal , physical , and cyber (or "electronic ...
The point overlooked is that enforcing these laws can be a challenge in these virtual communities. The reason being, these issues are unfamiliar to law enforcement agencies who have never faced cases related to cyberstalking. [40] In the United States, for example, nearly every state has laws that address cyberstalking, cyberbullying, or both. [41]
The law also reaffirms existing laws against child pornography, an offense under Republic Act No. 9775 (the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009), and libel, an offense under Section 355 of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, also criminalizing them when committed using a computer system. Finally, the Act includes a "catch-all" clause ...
The 2010 Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights has fundamentally changed the landscape for anti-bullying policy by strengthening its definition of bullying since 2002. In 2002, bullying was anything that caused harm to a student. The law now defines bullying as any action that creates a hostile school environment or infringes on a student's rights at ...