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Freezing point (°C) K f (°C⋅kg/mol) Data source; Aniline: ... Methanol [4] 0.79 64.7 Ethanol: 0.78 78.4 1.22 ... Water: 100.00 0.512 0.00
Note that the form of this formula as given is a fit to the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, which is a good theoretical starting point for calculating saturation vapor pressures: log 10 (P) = −(0.05223) a / T + b , where P is in mmHg, T is in kelvins, a = 38324, and b = 8.8017.
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
As water or ethylene glycol freeze out of the mixture, the concentration of ethanol/methanol increases. This leads to a new, lower freezing point. With dry ice, these baths will never freeze solid, as pure methanol and ethanol both freeze below −78 °C (−98 °C and −114 °C respectively).
Methanol and its vapours are flammable. Moderately toxic for small animals – Highly toxic to large animals and humans (in high concentrations) – May be fatal/lethal or cause blindness and damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart if swallowed – Toxicity effects from repeated over exposure have an accumulative effect on the central nervous system, especially the optic nerve – Symptoms may ...
Water: 0 Ice: Ammonium chloride-5 0.3 to 1 ratio of salt to ice. Liquid N 2: Aniline-6 Ice: Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate-8 1.1 to 1 ratio of salt to ice. Ice: Calcium chloride hexahydrate-10 1 to 2.5 ratio of salt to ice. Liquid N 2: Ethylene glycol-10 Ice: Acetone-10 1 to 1 ratio of acetone to ice. Liquid N 2: Cycloheptane-12 Dry ice ...
A 1:1 dilution with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of about −34 °F (−37 °C), depending on the formulation. In warmer or colder areas, weaker or stronger dilutions are used, respectively, but a range of 40%/60% to 60%/40% is frequently specified to ensure corrosion protection, and 70%/30% for maximum freeze prevention ...
The temperature and pressure at which ordinary solid, liquid, and gaseous water coexist in equilibrium is a triple point of water. Since 1954, this point had been used to define the base unit of temperature, the kelvin, [45] [46] but, starting in 2019, the kelvin is now defined using the Boltzmann constant, rather than the triple point of water ...