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Simpson's paradox is a phenomenon in probability and statistics in which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social-science and medical-science statistics, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and is particularly problematic when frequency data are unduly given ...
This category contains paradoxes in mathematics, but excluding those concerning informal logic. "Paradox" here has the sense of "unintuitive result", rather than "apparent contradiction". "Paradox" here has the sense of "unintuitive result", rather than "apparent contradiction".
Also confidence coefficient. A number indicating the probability that the confidence interval (range) captures the true population mean. For example, a confidence interval with a 95% confidence level has a 95% chance of capturing the population mean. Technically, this means that, if the experiment were repeated many times, 95% of the CIs computed at this level would contain the true population ...
Berkson's paradox, also known as Berkson's bias, collider bias, or Berkson's fallacy, is a result in conditional probability and statistics which is often found to be counterintuitive, and hence a veridical paradox. It is a complicating factor arising in statistical tests of proportions.
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The Bertrand paradox is a problem within the classical interpretation of probability theory. Joseph Bertrand introduced it in his work Calcul des probabilités (1889) [1] as an example to show that the principle of indifference may not produce definite, well-defined results for probabilities if it is applied uncritically when the domain of possibilities is infinite.
Lord's Paradox and associated analyses provide a powerful teaching tool to understand these fundamental statistical concepts. More directly, Lord's Paradox may have implications for both education and health policies that attempt to reward educators or hospitals for the improvements that their children/patients made under their care, which is ...