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As-Saqar (place of burning) and Athara (place of damp and great cold) the home of Iblis, who is chained, his hand fastened one in front of and the other behind him, except when set free by God to chastise his demons. A large number of hadith about Muhammad's tour of hell during the miʿrāj, describe the various sinners and their torments.
Before Islam, the Kaaba contained a statue representing the god Hubal. [8] [9] On the basis that the Kaaba was also Allah's house, Julius Wellhausen considered Hubal to be an ancient name for Allah. [10] [11] [12] The 20th-century scholar Hugo Winckler in turn claimed that Hubal was a moon god, [13] though others have suggested otherwise.
Al-Ghazali disputed this as incompatible with the concept of God's untrammelled free will as taught in Al-Ghazali's Asharite theology. [27] He further argued that God's free choice can be shown by the arbitrary nature of the exact size of the universe or the time of its creation. [27] Peter Adamson offered several more possible lines of criticism.
Opponents of predestination in early Islam, (al-Qadariyah, Muʿtazila) argued that if God has already determined everything that will happen, God's human creation cannot really have free will over decisions to do good or evil, or control of whether they suffer eternal torment in Jahannam—which is something that (the opponents believe) a just ...
"human actions are created by God and can "simultaneously" be classified as free actions" and divinely "obligatory actions". [23] Free unless someone had forced the person to do them, and obligatory because they "proceeded from a cause produced by God". Hisham ibn al-Hakam, a companion of Ja‘far al-Sādiq and also a scholar. [23]
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
Whoever God blinds his heart and seals his hearing and sight, then he will not benefit from being forced to embrace Islam." It was reported that; the Ansar were the reason behind revealing this Ayah, although its indication is general in meaning. Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn Abbas said (that before Islam), "When (an Ansar) woman would not bear ...
Religious responses to the problem of evil are concerned with reconciling the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God. [1] [2] The problem of evil is acute for monotheistic religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Judaism whose religion is based on such a God.