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A parapet fortification (known as a breastwork when temporary) is a wall of stone, wood or earth on the outer edge of a defensive wall or trench, which shelters the defenders. [7] [8] In medieval castles, they were often crenellated. In later artillery forts, parapets tend to be higher and thicker.
Crinkle crankle wall in Bramfield, Suffolk. A crinkle crankle wall, also known as a crinkum crankum, sinusoidal, serpentine, ribbon or wavy wall, is an unusual type of structural or garden wall built in a serpentine shape with alternating curves, originally used in Ancient Egypt, but also typically found in Suffolk in England.
A 15-storey apartment building in La Tourette (Marseille), designed by Fernand Pouillon.Constructed using the massive precut stone method. Gobekli Tepe, early monumental Neolithic stonemasonry using flint-carved limestone columns (~9500 BCE) 12th-century stonemasonry at Angkor Wat Diamond-wire saw in use for quarrying marble Stonemason working with medieval tools Stonemasonry with andesite ...
A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks to extensive military fortifications such as curtain walls with towers, bastions and gates for access to the city. [1]
A massive prehistoric stone wall surrounded the ancient temple of Ness of Brodgar 3200 BC in Scotland. Named the "Great Wall of Brodgar" it was 4 m (13 ft) thick and 4 m (13 ft) tall. The wall had some symbolic or ritualistic function. [11] [12] The Assyrians deployed large labor forces to build new palaces, temples and defensive walls. [13]
The walls are built of a ditch and dike structure, the ditch dug to form an inner moat with the excavated earth used to form the exterior rampart. [citation needed] The Benin Walls were ravaged by the British in 1897. Scattered pieces of the walls remain in Edo, with material being used by the locals for building purposes.
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A shell keep is a style of medieval fortification, best described as a stone structure circling the top of a motte. In English castle morphology, shell keeps are perceived as the successors to motte-and-bailey castles, with the wooden fence around the top of the motte replaced by a stone wall.